Intravesical Oncolytic Virotherapy and Immunotherapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Mouse Model.

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer that is refractory to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) may be treated by systemic anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) immunotherapy. We previously demonstrated improved overall survival with 6 weekly instillations of intravesical anti-PD-1 in a murine model. The objective of this work is to test if intravesical instillation of both an anti-PD-1 inhibitor and an oncolytic reovirus would demonstrate a greater effect than either treatment alone.