Victoria L. Morgan, Ph.D.

Professor
Radiology & Radiological Sciences
Professor
Biomedical Informatics
Professor
Neurological Surgery
Professor
Neurology
Delivery Address
Medical Center North
1161 21st Avenue South, CCC-1118
Nashville
Tennessee
37232-2675

Vicky Morgan, PhD, Professor of Radiology and Radiological Sciences and member for the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), is a biomedical engineer with expertise in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Dr. Morgan graduated from Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, and earned her masters and doctorate degrees in Biomedical Engineering from Vanderbilt University. She joined the Vanderbilt faculty in 1999, and she currently has secondary appointments in biomedical engineering, neurological surgery and neurology. Her primary interest is in clinical translational research bring new imaging methods to patient care. She is currently directing projects including using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study brain activation under various situations. Specifically, she is developing fMRI methods to localize seizure activity in patients with epilepsy. Other projects include the mapping of normal and pathological neural circuits using fMRI, adapting fMRI mapping for clinical use in presurgical evaluations, and developing software tools for use in development and evaluation of fMRI processing algorithms.

Section: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science

Publications

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, González HFJ, Goodale SE, Englot DJ. Characterization of postsurgical functional connectivity changes in temporal lobe epilepsyJ. Neurosurg [print-electronic]. 2019 Jun 6/14/2019; 1-11. PMID: 31200384, PII: 2019.3.JNS19350, DOI: 10.3171/2019.3.JNS19350, ISSN: 1933-0693.

González HFJ, Chakravorti S, Goodale SE, Gupta K, Claassen DO, Dawant B, Morgan VL, Englot DJ. Thalamic arousal network disturbances in temporal lobe epilepsy and improvement after surgeryJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry [print-electronic]. 2019 May 5/23/2019; PMID: 31123139, PII: jnnp-2019-320748, DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320748, ISSN: 1468-330X.

González HFJ, Goodale SE, Jacobs ML, Haas KF, Landman BA, Morgan VL, Englot DJ. Brainstem Functional Connectivity Disturbances in Epilepsy may Recover After Successful SurgeryNeurosurgery [print-electronic]. 2019 May 5/16/2019; PMID: 31093673, PII: 5487626, DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz128, ISSN: 1524-4040.

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Anderson AW, Landman BA, Englot DJ. Divergent network properties that predict early surgical failure versus late recurrence in temporal lobe epilepsyJ. Neurosurg [print-electronic]. 2019 Apr 4/5/2019; 1-10. PMID: 30952126, PII: 2019.1.JNS182875, DOI: 10.3171/2019.1.JNS182875, ISSN: 1933-0693.

Englot DJ, Gonzalez HFJ, Reynolds BB, Konrad PE, Jacobs ML, Gore JC, Landman BA, Morgan VLRelating structural and functional brainstem connectivity to disease measures in epilepsyNeurology [print-electronic]. 2018 Jul 7/3/2018; 91(1): e67-e77. PMID: 29848786, PMCID: PMC6091881, PII: WNL.0000000000005733, DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005733, ISSN: 1526-632X.

Englot DJ, Gonzalez HFJ, Reynolds BB, Konrad PE, Jacobs ML, Gore JC, Landman BA, Morgan VLRelating structural and functional brainstem connectivity to disease measures in epilepsyNeurology [print-electronic]. 2018 Jul 7/3/2018; 91(1): e67-e77. PMID: 29848786, PMCID: PMC6091881, PII: WNL.0000000000005733, DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005733, ISSN: 1526-632X.

Cogswell PM, Deitte LA, Donnelly EF, Morgan VL, Omary RA. Attitudes of Radiology Program Directors Toward MD-PhD Trainees, Resident Research Productivity, and Dedicated Research TimeAcad Radiol [print-electronic]. 2018 Jun; 25(6): 733-8. PMID: 29530487, PII: S1076-6332(18)30067-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.01.029, ISSN: 1878-4046.

Cogswell PM, Deitte LA, Donnelly EF, Morgan VL, Omary RA. Attitudes of Radiology Program Directors Toward MD-PhD Trainees, Resident Research Productivity, and Dedicated Research TimeAcad Radiol [print-electronic]. 2018 Mar 3/9/2018; PMID: 29530487, PII: S1076-6332(18)30067-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.01.029, ISSN: 1878-4046.

Chakravorti S, Morgan VL, Trujillo-Diaz P, Wirz R, Dawant BM. A Structural Connectivity Approach to Validate a Model-based Technique for the Segmentation of the Pulvinar ComplexProc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2018 Mar; 10578: PMID: 30467450, PMCID: PMC6241522, DOI: 10.1117/12.2293685, ISSN: 0277-786X.

Maziero D, Velasco TR, Salmon CEG, Morgan VLTwo-Dimensional Temporal Clustering Analysis for Patients with Epilepsy: Detecting Epilepsy-Related Information in EEG-fMRI Concordant, Discordant and Spike-Less PatientsBrain Topogr [print-electronic]. 2018 Mar; 31(2): 322-36. PMID: 29022116, PMCID: PMC5884070, PII: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, ISSN: 1573-6792.

Maziero D, Velasco TR, Salmon CEG, Morgan VLTwo-Dimensional Temporal Clustering Analysis for Patients with Epilepsy: Detecting Epilepsy-Related Information in EEG-fMRI Concordant, Discordant and Spike-Less PatientsBrain Topogr [print-electronic]. 2018 Mar; 31(2): 322-36. PMID: 29022116, PMCID: PMC5884070, PII: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, ISSN: 1573-6792.

Chakravorti S, Morgan VL, Trujillo-Diaz P, Wirz R, Dawant BM. A Structural Connectivity Approach to Validate a Model-based Technique for the Segmentation of the Pulvinar ComplexProc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2018 Mar; 10578: PMID: 30467450, PMCID: PMC6241522, DOI: 10.1117/12.2293685, ISSN: 0277-786X.

Morgan VL, Englot DJ, Rogers BP, Landman BA, Cakir A, Abou-Khalil BW, Anderson AW. Magnetic resonance imaging connectivity for the prediction of seizure outcome in temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsia [print-electronic]. 2017 Jul; 58(7): 1251-60. PMID: 28448683, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13762, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Englot DJ, D'Haese PF, Konrad PE, Jacobs ML, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil BW, Morgan VLFunctional connectivity disturbances of the ascending reticular activating system in temporal lobe epilepsyJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr [print-electronic]. 2017 Jun 6/19/2017; PMID: 28630376, PII: jnnp-2017-315732, DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315732, ISSN: 1468-330X.

Kang H, Ombao H, Fonnesbeck C, Ding Z, Morgan VLA Bayesian Double Fusion Model for Resting-State Brain Connectivity Using Joint Functional and Structural DataBrain Connect [print-electronic]. 2017 May; 7(4): 219-27. PMID: 28316255, PMCID: PMC5444499, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0447, ISSN: 2158-0022.

Shi Z, Rogers BP, Chen LM, Morgan VL, Mishra A, Wilkes DM, Gore JC. Realistic models of apparent dynamic changes in resting-state connectivity in somatosensory cortexHum Brain Mapp. 2016 Nov; 37(11): 3897-910. PMID: 27296233, PMCID: PMC5053861, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23284, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Englot DJ, Konrad PE, Morgan VLRegional and global connectivity disturbances in focal epilepsy, related neurocognitive sequelae, and potential mechanistic underpinningsEpilepsia [print-electronic]. 2016 Oct; 57(10): 1546-57. PMID: 27554793, PMCID: PMC5056148, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13510, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Conrad BN, Rogers BP, Abou-Khalil B, Morgan VLIncreased MRI volumetric correlation contralateral to seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2016 Oct; 126: 53-61. PMID: 27429056, PMCID: PMC5010967, PII: S0920-1211(16)30102-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.07.001, ISSN: 1872-6844.

Banks SD, Coronado RA, Clemons LR, Abraham CM, Pruthi S, Conrad BN, Morgan VL, Guillamondegui OD, Archer KR. Thalamic Functional Connectivity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Longitudinal Associations With Patient-Reported Outcomes and Neuropsychological TestsArch Phys Med Rehabil [print-electronic]. 2016 Aug; 97(8): 1254-61. PMID: 27085849, PMCID: PMC4990202, PII: S0003-9993(16)30049-1, DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.013, ISSN: 1532-821X.

Ding Z, Xu R, Bailey SK, Wu TL, Morgan VL, Cutting LE, Anderson AW, Gore JC. Visualizing functional pathways in the human brain using correlation tensors and magnetic resonance imagingMagn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2016 Jan; 34(1): 8-17. PMID: 26477562, PMCID: PMC4714593, PII: S0730-725X(15)00225-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.10.003, ISSN: 1873-5894.

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Abou-Khalil B. Segmentation of the thalamus based on BOLD frequencies affected in temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsia [print-electronic]. 2015 Nov; 56(11): 1819-27. PMID: 26360535, PMCID: PMC4626388, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13186, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Desai AA, Strother MK, Faraco CC, Morgan VL, Ladner TR, Dethrage LM, Jordan LC, Donahue MJ. The Contribution of Common Surgically Implanted Hardware to Functional MR Imaging ArtifactsAJNR Am J Neuroradiol [print-electronic]. 2015 Nov; 36(11): 2068-73. PMID: 26272973, PMCID: PMC4644697, PII: ajnr.A4419, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4419, ISSN: 1936-959X.

Militana AR, Donahue MJ, Sills AK, Solomon GS, Gregory AJ, Strother MK, Morgan VLAlterations in default-mode network connectivity may be influenced by cerebrovascular changes within 1 week of sports related concussion in college varsity athletes: a pilot studyBrain Imaging Behav [print-electronic]. 2015 May 5/15/2015; PMID: 25972119, PMCID: PMC4644725, DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9407-3, ISSN: 1931-7565.

Morgan VL, Conrad BN, Abou-Khalil B, Rogers BP, Kang H. Increasing structural atrophy and functional isolation of the temporal lobe with duration of disease in temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2015 Feb; 110: 171-8. PMID: 25616470, PMCID: PMC4306813, PII: S0920-1211(14)00365-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.12.006, ISSN: 1872-6844.

Morgan VL, Abou-Khalil B, Rogers BP. Evolution of functional connectivity of brain networks and their dynamic interaction in temporal lobe epilepsyBrain Connect [print-electronic]. 2015 Feb; 5(1): 35-44. PMID: 24901036, PMCID: PMC4313394, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0251, ISSN: 2158-0022.

Holmes M, Folley BS, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Kang H, Abou-Khalil B, Morgan VLResting state functional connectivity of the hippocampus associated with neurocognitive function in left temporal lobe epilepsyHum Brain Mapp [print-electronic]. 2014 Mar; 35(3): 735-44. PMID: 23124719, PMCID: PMC3915042, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22210, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Ding Z, Newton AT, Xu R, Anderson AW, Morgan VL, Gore JC. Spatio-temporal correlation tensors reveal functional structure in human brainPLoS ONE. 2013; 8(12): e82107. PMID: 24339997, PMCID: PMC3855380, PII: PONE-D-13-34417, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082107, ISSN: 1932-6203.

Holmes MJ, Yang X, Landman BA, Ding Z, Kang H, Abou-Khalil B, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Morgan VLFunctional networks in temporal-lobe epilepsy: a voxel-wise study of resting-state functional connectivity and gray-matter concentrationBrain Connect [print-electronic]. 2013; 3(1): 22-30. PMID: 23150897, PMCID: PMC3621340, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2012.0103, ISSN: 2158-0022.

Morgan VL, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity of hippocampal networksEpilepsia [print-electronic]. 2012 Sep; 53(9): 1628-35. PMID: 22779926, PMCID: PMC3436984, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03590.x, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Yang X, Holmes MJ, Newton AT, Morgan VL, Landman BA. A Comparison of Distributional Considerations with Statistical Analysis of Resting State fMRI at 3T and 7TProc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2012 Feb 2/23/2012; 8314: PMID: 23024573, PMCID: PMC3460373, DOI: 10.1117/12.911307, ISSN: 0277-786X.

Newton AT, Rogers BP, Gore JC, Morgan VLImproving measurement of functional connectivity through decreasing partial volume effects at 7 TNeuroimage [print-electronic]. 2012 Feb 2/1/2012; 59(3): 2511-7. PMID: 21925611, PMCID: PMC3254819, PII: S1053-8119(11)01029-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.096, ISSN: 1095-9572.

Chen L, Mishra A, Newton AT, Morgan VL, Stringer EA, Rogers BP, Gore JC. Fine-scale functional connectivity in somatosensory cortex revealed by high-resolution fMRIMagn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2011 Dec; 29(10): 1330-7. PMID: 21982165, PMCID: PMC3285506, PII: S0730-725X(11)00280-3, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.08.001, ISSN: 1873-5894.

Newton AT, Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Gore JC. Modulation of steady state functional connectivity in the default mode and working memory networks by cognitive loadHum Brain Mapp [print-electronic]. 2011 Oct; 32(10): 1649-59. PMID: 21077136, PMCID: PMC3116941, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21138, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Cross hippocampal influence in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy measured with high temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imagingEpilepsia [print-electronic]. 2011 Sep; 52(9): 1741-9. PMID: 21801166, PMCID: PMC4428312, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03196.x, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Sonmezturk HH, Morgan V, Abou-Khalil B. Focal seizure propagation illustrated by fMRIEpileptic Disord. 2011 Mar; 13(1): 92-5. PMID: 21393093, PMCID: PMC3409564, DOI: 10.1684/epd.2011.0405, ISSN: 1294-9361.

Rogers BP, Katwal SB, Morgan VL, Asplund CL, Gore JC. Functional MRI and multivariate autoregressive modelsMagn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2010 Oct; 28(8): 1058-65. PMID: 20444566, PMCID: PMC2940955, PII: S0730-725X(10)00065-2, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.03.002, ISSN: 1873-5894.

Morgan VL, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Functional epileptic network in left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy detected using resting fMRIEpilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2010 Feb; 88(2-3): 168-78. PMID: 19945255, PMCID: PMC2823966, PII: S0920-1211(09)00324-6, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.10.018, ISSN: 1872-6844.

Morgan VL, Gore JC. Detection of irregular, transient fMRI activity in normal controls using 2dTCA: comparison to event-related analysis using known timingHum Brain Mapp. 2009 Oct; 30(10): 3393-405. PMID: 19294642, PMCID: PMC2748174, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20760, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Morgan VL, Mishra A, Newton AT, Gore JC, Ding Z. Integrating functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging for analysis of structure-function relationship in the human language networkPLoS ONE. 2009; 4(8): e6660. PMID: 19684850, PMCID: PMC2721978, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006660, ISSN: 1932-6203.

Morgan VL, Gore JC, Szaflarski JP. Temporal clustering analysis: what does it tell us about the resting state of the brain?Med. Sci. Monit. 2008 Jul; 14(7): CR345-52. PMID: 18591915, PMCID: PMC2553434, PII: 863662, ISSN: 1643-3750.

Morgan VL, Li Y, Abou-Khalil B, Gore JC. Development of 2dTCA for the detection of irregular, transient BOLD activityHum Brain Mapp. 2008 Jan; 29(1): 57-69. PMID: 17290367, PMCID: PMC2719759, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20362, ISSN: 1065-9471.

Xu N, Fitzpatrick JM, Li Y, Dawant BM, Pickens DR, Morgan VLComputer-generated fMRI phantoms with motion-distortion interactionMagn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2007 Dec; 25(10): 1376-84. PMID: 17583462, PMCID: PMC4424598, PII: S0730-725X(07)00268-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.032, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Rogers BP, Morgan VL, Newton AT, Gore JC. Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRIMagn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2007 Dec; 25(10): 1347-57. PMID: 17499467, PMCID: PMC2169499, PII: S0730-725X(07)00223-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.007, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Li Y, Xu N, Fitzpatrick JM, Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Dawant BM. Accounting for signal loss due to dephasing in the correction of distortions in gradient-echo EPI via nonrigid registrationIEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2007 Dec; 26(12): 1698-707. PMID: 18092739, ISSN: 0278-0062.

Morgan VL, Dawant BM, Li Y, Pickens DR. Comparison of fMRI statistical software packages and strategies for analysis of images containing random and stimulus-correlated motionComput Med Imaging Graph [print-electronic]. 2007 Sep; 31(6): 436-46. PMID: 17574816, PMCID: PMC2570159, PII: S0895-6111(07)00072-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2007.04.002, ISSN: 0895-6111.

Morgan VL, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Cluster analysis detection of functional MRI activity in temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2007 Aug; 76(1): 22-33. PMID: 17646086, PMCID: PMC2003336, PII: S0920-1211(07)00181-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.06.008, ISSN: 0920-1211.

Newton AT, Morgan VL, Gore JC. Task demand modulation of steady-state functional connectivity to primary motor cortexHum Brain Mapp. 2007 Jul; 28(7): 663-72. PMID: 17080441, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20294, ISSN: 1065-9471.

Pickens DR, Li Y, Morgan VL, Dawant BM. Development of computer-generated phantoms for FMRI software evaluationMagn Reson Imaging. 2005 Jun; 23(5): 653-63. PMID: 16051040, PII: S0730-725X(05)00188-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2005.04.007, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Morgan V, Pickens D, Gautam S, Kessler R, Mertz H. Amitriptyline reduces rectal pain related activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndromeGut. 2005 May; 54(5): 601-7. PMID: 15831901, PMCID: PMC1774484, PII: 54/5/601, DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.047423, ISSN: 0017-5749.

Morgan VL, Price RR. The effect of sensorimotor activation on functional connectivity mapping with MRIMagn Reson Imaging. 2004 Oct; 22(8): 1069-75. PMID: 15527993, PII: S0730-725X(04)00241-3, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.07.002, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Morgan VL, Price RR, Arain A, Modur P, Abou-Khalil B. Resting functional MRI with temporal clustering analysis for localization of epileptic activity without EEGNeuroimage. 2004 Jan; 21(1): 473-81. PMID: 14741685, PII: S105381190300541X, ISSN: 1053-8119.

Parks MH, Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Price RR, Dietrich MS, Nickel MK, Martin PR. Brain fMRI activation associated with self-paced finger tapping in chronic alcohol-dependent patientsAlcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2003 Apr; 27(4): 704-11. PMID: 12711934, DOI: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000062759.14944.CF, ISSN: 0145-6008.

Sachdev RNS, Champney GC, Lee H, Price RR, Pickens III DR, Morgan VL, Stefansic JD, Melzer P, Ebner FF. Experimental model for functional magnetic resonance imaging of somatic sensory cortex in the unanesthetized rat. NeuroImage. 2003; 3((19)): 704-11.

Melzer P, Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Price RR, Wall RS, Ebner FF. Cortical activation during Braille reading is influenced by early visual experience in subjects with severe visual disability: a correlational fMRI studyHum Brain Mapp. 2001 Nov; 14(3): 186-95. PMID: 11559962, PII: 10.1002/hbm.1051, ISSN: 1065-9471.

Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Hartmann SL, Price RR. Comparison of functional MRI image realignment tools using a computer-generated phantomMagn Reson Med. 2001 Sep; 46(3): 510-4. PMID: 11550243, PII: 10.1002/mrm.1221, ISSN: 0740-3194.

Grossman E, Donnelly M, Price R, Pickens D, Morgan V, Neighbor G, Blake R. Brain areas involved in perception of biological motionJ Cogn Neurosci. 2000 Sep; 12(5): 711-20. PMID: 11054914, ISSN: 0898-929X.

Mertz H, Morgan V, Tanner G, Pickens D, Price R, Shyr Y, Kessler R. Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distentionGastroenterology. 2000 May; 118(5): 842-8. PMID: 10784583, PII: S0016508500339932, ISSN: 0016-5085.

Lorenz CH, Walker ES, Morgan VL, Klein SS, Graham TP.. Normal human right and left ventricular mass, systolic function, and gender differences by cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 1999; 1((1)): 7-21.

Morgan VL, Graham TP, Roselli RJ, Lorenz CH. Alterations in pulmonary artery flow patterns and shear stress determined with three-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging in Fontan patientsJ. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1998 Aug; 116(2): 294-304. PMID: 9699583, PII: S0022522398003213, ISSN: 0022-5223.

Morgan VL, Roselli RJ, Lorenz CH. Normal three-dimensional pulmonary artery flow determined by phase contrast magnetic resonance imagingAnn Biomed Eng. 1998 Jul; 26(4): 557-66. PMID: 9662148, ISSN: 0090-6964.

Morgan VL, Price RR, Lorenz CH. Application of linear optimization techniques to MRI phase contrast blood flow measurementsMagn Reson Imaging. 1996; 14(9): 1043-51. PMID: 9070995, PII: S0730-725X(96)00222-6, ISSN: 0730-725X.